Food resources and cyprinid diet in permanent and temporary Mediterranean rivers with natural and regulated flow

This study addresses the differences in food availability, diet and feeding activity of the Iberian barbel, between permanent and temporary nonregulated rivers, and the effect of flow regulation on feeding parameters. A total of 267 adult barbels were seasonally collected in four nonregulated and regulated rivers from permanent and temporary basins, and their gut content was analysed. Locally available food sources were evaluated across sites and seasons. Barbels from the permanent nonregulated river exhibit a more variable and diversified diet in which invertebrates assumed a large importance, especially during high flows. Barbels from the temporary nonregulated river presented a more uniform diet composed of plant material and detritus, particularly in drought seasons. Flow regulation affected different flow components in both systems, but the effects on food resources and barbels' diet were similar, resulting in an intra‐annual stabilisation of resource availability and fish diet, with a higher consumption of plants and detritus. Changes in fish diet and feeding activity in both nonregulated and regulated rivers were strongly associated with the seasonal variability of streamflow components, particularly between low‐ and high‐flow periods, and with the reduction in flow variability in the case of dam regulation. Results from this study can be used to improve guidelines for flow requirement implementation.     

Polymorphic mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in a coastal riverscape: size class assemblages,distribution, and habitat associations

We compared the assemblage structure, spatial distributions, and habitat associations of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) morphotypes and size classes. We hypothesised that morphotypes would have different spatial distributions and would be associated with different habitat features based on feeding behaviour and diet. Spatially continuous sampling was conducted over a broad extent (29 km) in the Calawah River, WA (USA). Whitefish were enumerated via snorkelling in three size classes: small (10–29 cm), medium (30–49 cm), and large (≥50 cm). We identified morphotypes based on head and snout morphology: a pinocchio form that had an elongated snout and a normal form with a blunted snout. Large size classes of both morphotypes were distributed downstream of small and medium size classes, and normal whitefish were distributed downstream of pinocchio whitefish. Ordination of whitefish assemblages with nonmetric multidimensional scaling revealed that normal whitefish size classes were associated with higher gradient and depth, whereas pinocchio whitefish size classes were positively associated with pool area, distance upstream, and depth. Reach‐scale generalised additive models indicated that normal whitefish relative density was associated with larger substrate size in downstream reaches (R² = 0.64), and pinocchio whitefish were associated with greater stream depth in the reaches farther upstream (R² = 0.87). These results suggest broad‐scale spatial segregation (1–10 km), particularly between larger and more phenotypically extreme individuals. These results provide the first perspective on spatial distributions and habitat relationships of polymorphic mountain whitefish.     

Ecological impacts of small hydropower plants on headwater stream fish: from individual to community effects

Hydroelectricity is increasingly used worldwide as a source of renewable energy, and many mountain ranges have dozens or hundreds of hydropower plants, with many more being under construction or planned. Although the ecological impacts of large dams are relatively well known, the effects of small hydropower plants and their weirs have been much less investigated. We studied the effects of water diversion of small hydropower plants on fish assemblages in the upper Ter river basin (Catalonia, NE Spain), which has headwater reaches with good water quality and no large dams but many of such plants. We studied fish populations and habitat features on control and impacted reaches for water diversion of 16 hydropower plants. In the impacted reaches, there was a significantly lower presence of refuges for fish, poorer habitat quality, more pools and less riffles and macrophytes, and shallower water levels. We also observed higher fish abundance, larger mean fish size and better fish condition in the control than in impacted reaches, although the results were species‐specific. Accordingly, species composition was also affected, with lower relative abundance of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Pyrenean minnow (Phoxinus bigerri) in the impacted reaches and higher presence of stone loach (Barbatula quignardi) and Mediterranean barbel (Barbus meridionalis). Our study highlights the effects of water diversion of small hydropower plants from the individual to the population and community levels but probably underestimates them, urging for further assessment and mitigation of these ecological impacts.     

原位生物处理技术改善城市断头河水质研究

在水网密布、河涌众多的地区,存在着大量断头河道和盲肠河道,因无水源补给、水体长期滞留,大多呈富营养化状态,生态环境及景观功能丧失。以扬州市断头河富营养化水体净化为例,设计了人工曝气、生态净水砖和生物浮床等原位生物处理技术。工程效果显示：对COD的平均去除率为45%,去除范围35%～56%;对NH3-N的平均去除率为33%,去除范围17%～44%;对TN的平均去除率为28%,去除范围15%～39%;对TP的平均去除率为35%,去除范围25%～44%。说明原位生物处理技术对改善城市断头河富营养化水体水质效果显著。     

西安沣河1986-2009年水质时空变化研究

利用1986-2009年的水质监测数据和有关的自然社会经济统计数据,采用有机污染综合指数（A值）和变异系数等方法研究了沣河水质近20年的时空变化,并对影响水质变化的自然社会经济因素进行了探讨。研究发现：①沣河近20年的水质变化可分为缓慢污染、快速污染、污染相持和污染改善4个阶段,2000年是水质变化趋势的转折点;②在水质演变的缓慢污染阶段,上游的水质好于中下游;在水质演变的快速污染与污染相持阶段,水质空间差异巨大,表现为从上游至下游污染明显加重;随着污染的改善,2005年以来,上、中、下游监测断面水质的差别大大缩小,2009年四个断面的水质A值分别为2.90、2.97、2.92、2.86;③工业、农牧业、生活污染是影响水质变化的主要因素,与水文气象因素相关性不明显;④大力压缩造纸厂削减工业污染是水质恶化趋势发生逆转的根本原因,同时农牧业、生活污染的迅速上升趋势受到一定遏制;⑤目前流域主要污染源为生活污水、生活垃圾、农牧业等。     

基于GIS的降水多元回归模型在黑河干流山区的应用

结合GIS和统计学方法,利用21个站点气象数据和DEM（基于5个因子：高程、坡度、坡向、经度和纬度）在黑河干流山区构建一种多元非线性回归模型,用以模拟研究区降水量空间分布,并分析了全年、湿季和干季3种情景及3种不同空间分辨率数据相互耦合下的雨量变化。结果表明,该模型可解释研究区74.5%的年降水空间变异,对湿季降水量解释效果要好于全年和干季两种情景;100 m分辨率下的3种降水模型效果均为最好;降水量空间分布不均匀,100 m分辨率下,由西北部不足200 mm增加至东南部700 mm左右,降水量分界线呈西北-东南走向;500 m分辨率的降水量分界呈带状,有一定程度上移;1 000 m分辨率的降水量分布误差大。本研究采用的建模方法有较强移植性,可在其他山区开发类似模型,利用其模拟结果进行更深入的研究,今后在建模中加入空间化的风速变量有可能进一步提高模型精度。     

金沙江干热河谷台湾珍珠番石榴引种试种初报

台湾珍珠番石榴经在元谋金沙江干热河谷引种试验,表现速生、早结、丰产、抗逆性强,果大质优,供果期长,适应性强。     

湘中丘陵区"长防林"生态效益研究初报

通过对湘中丘陵区长江防护林生态效益的定位观测，分别对小流域小气候、坡面产流量、产沙量及输沙率的分析、对林地最大涵水能力及保土效果进行了探讨。     

辐射松引种栽培综述

辐射松(PinusradiataD.Don)原产于加利弗尼亚海岸,被引种到世界各地,现在是南半球主要的人工林造林树种。1990年以来辐射松被引种到长江上游四川省阿坝州的干旱河谷地区,幼树的成活和早期生长表现良好。本文的主要内容包括:辐射松在原产地和引种地的生长情况,种源和遗传上的差异,环境限制因子和辐射松的气候生境,病虫害,引种不成功的经验教训以及辐射松在生态恢复中的应用。文中还简述了辐射松在阿坝干旱河谷地区的早期生长情况,列举了在长江上游干旱河谷地区引种辐射松可能遇到的问题以及所需开展的研究。图4表5参90。     

岷江上游水源涵养林涵水能力综合评价

森林－土壤系统的水源涵养功能因其组成的差异而导致降水截留、蓄水、径流的变化。作者根据这一规律，以搜集、调查岷江上游水源涵养林的林冠截留量、地表枯落物蓄水量、苔藓层蓄水量、土壤孔隙蓄水量、土壤不透性能，土壤降水贮存量等进行分析，并赋与没森林植被系统中各组成成分以一定的得分，评价不森林－土壤系统的保水能力。评价结果表明四川西部天然林具有最强的保水能力，应进一步加强其保护工作，人为干扰严重的类型其保水能